The FDNY needed a new, alternate method of extinguishing fires affected by high winds. This smoke-control research was field-tested in Toledo, Ohio, Chicago, and New York City. As a result of this testing, the Department started a pilot, employing positive-pressure fans, wind control devices, and a high-rise nozzle for fire extinguishment. Scientific testing and measurement, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), proved the effectiveness of these tools and a new approach to firefighting was implemented into FDNY standard operating procedures.  2009